Theme: Innovations in Biomaterials and Emerging Technologies in Tissue Engineering
Date: October 17-18, 2018
Conference Venue: Rome, Italy
Wednesday, 30 May 2018
Tuesday, 29 May 2018
Adipose Tissue Repair :
There is a clear clinical need for cell therapies to repair or regenerate tissue lost to disease or trauma. Adipose tissue is a renewable source of stem cells, called adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), that release important growth factors for wound healing, modulate the immune system, decrease inflammation, and home in on injured tissues. Therefore, ASCs may offer great clinical utility in regenerative therapies for afflictions such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease, spinal cord injury, heart disease, and rheumatoid arthritis, or for replacing lost tissue from trauma or tumor removal. the regenerative properties of ASCs that can be harnessed for clinical applications, and explores current and future challenges for ASC clinical use. Such challenges include knowledge-based deficiencies, hurdles for translating research to the clinic, and barriers to establishing a new paradigm of medical care. Clinical experience with ASCs, ASCs as a portion of the heterogeneous stromal cell population extracted enzymatically from adipose tissue, and stromal vascular fraction.
There is a clear clinical need for cell therapies to repair or regenerate tissue lost to disease or trauma. Adipose tissue is a renewable source of stem cells, called adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), that release important growth factors for wound healing, modulate the immune system, decrease inflammation, and home in on injured tissues. Therefore, ASCs may offer great clinical utility in regenerative therapies for afflictions such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease, spinal cord injury, heart disease, and rheumatoid arthritis, or for replacing lost tissue from trauma or tumor removal. the regenerative properties of ASCs that can be harnessed for clinical applications, and explores current and future challenges for ASC clinical use. Such challenges include knowledge-based deficiencies, hurdles for translating research to the clinic, and barriers to establishing a new paradigm of medical care. Clinical experience with ASCs, ASCs as a portion of the heterogeneous stromal cell population extracted enzymatically from adipose tissue, and stromal vascular fraction.
Monday, 28 May 2018
Organ-on-Chip:
Before any medicine can be brought to market, it has to be guaranteed it will not have any harmful effects on the person who takes it. To date health authorities require careful safety assessment, often involving animal models as well. The future, however, shows new ways to make the development of medicines better and faster, moving molecules from the lab directly to the patient. Organs-on-a-Chip technology is a new alternative way to screen drug candidates in a very early stage for efficacy and toxicity. The technology enables researchers to cultivate human cells representing organs under physiological conditions. Multiple organs can be placed on one chip and are interconnected to model the dynamics of a human organism. This is possible because 3D cell culture, micro-fluids and 3D printing technologies allow the cultivation of cells from patients
Friday, 25 May 2018
Tissue Regeneration:
Tissue engineering (TE) is one of the biomedical technologies developed to assist the regeneration of body tissues to treat large size defects that are not possible to self-repair. TE may also help to substitute the biological functions of damaged organs by making use of cells. Although there is no doubt that cells are important for this purpose, an artificially created site to induce repair of the defect is a key factor for successful tissue regeneration.
This can be achieved only by utilizing an artificial scaffold of 3-dimensional structure for cell proliferation and differentiation as well as growth factors. Growth factors are often required to promote tissue regeneration. They also can induce angiogenesis which is required to supply oxygen and nutrients for the survival of the transplanted cells. However, one cannot always expect the biological effects of growth factors to be fully exerted because of poor in vivo stability, unless growth factor delivery technology is applied. This paper describes recent experimental data on tissue regeneration that emphasize the role of drug delivery technology in tissue engineering, briefly over viewing biodegradable polymers used for this purpose.
Tissue engineering (TE) is one of the biomedical technologies developed to assist the regeneration of body tissues to treat large size defects that are not possible to self-repair. TE may also help to substitute the biological functions of damaged organs by making use of cells. Although there is no doubt that cells are important for this purpose, an artificially created site to induce repair of the defect is a key factor for successful tissue regeneration.
This can be achieved only by utilizing an artificial scaffold of 3-dimensional structure for cell proliferation and differentiation as well as growth factors. Growth factors are often required to promote tissue regeneration. They also can induce angiogenesis which is required to supply oxygen and nutrients for the survival of the transplanted cells. However, one cannot always expect the biological effects of growth factors to be fully exerted because of poor in vivo stability, unless growth factor delivery technology is applied. This paper describes recent experimental data on tissue regeneration that emphasize the role of drug delivery technology in tissue engineering, briefly over viewing biodegradable polymers used for this purpose.
Thursday, 24 May 2018
Protein-based tissue engineering in bone and cartilage repair:
Bioactive proteins signal host or transplanted cells to form the desired tissue type. Matrix systems are utilized to locally deliver the proteins and to maintain effective protein concentrations. For some indications, a matrix is required to define the physical form of the regenerated tissue. Substantial progress has been made in bone tissue engineering in recent years, based on the results of controlled clinical studies using bone morphogenetic proteins. Ongoing research in this area centers on the design of additional delivery matrices to expand the clinical indications, using synthetic delivery systems that mimic biological qualities of the natural materials currently in use. Although a similar rationale exists for the regeneration of articular cartilage with bioactive factors, advancement in this area has not been as substantial.
Bioactive proteins signal host or transplanted cells to form the desired tissue type. Matrix systems are utilized to locally deliver the proteins and to maintain effective protein concentrations. For some indications, a matrix is required to define the physical form of the regenerated tissue. Substantial progress has been made in bone tissue engineering in recent years, based on the results of controlled clinical studies using bone morphogenetic proteins. Ongoing research in this area centers on the design of additional delivery matrices to expand the clinical indications, using synthetic delivery systems that mimic biological qualities of the natural materials currently in use. Although a similar rationale exists for the regeneration of articular cartilage with bioactive factors, advancement in this area has not been as substantial.
Wednesday, 23 May 2018
In-vitro cell expansion in Tissue Engineering:
In vitro has become an essential step in the process of tissue engineering and also the systematic optimization of culture conditions is now a fundamental problem that needs to be addressed. Herein, a rational methodology for searching culture conditions that optimize the acquisition of large quantities of cells following a sequential expansion process. In particular, the analysis of both seeding density and passage length was considered crucial, and their correct selection should be taken as a requisite to establish culture conditions for monolayer systems. This methodology also introduces additional considerations concerning the running cost of the expansion process. The selection of culture conditions will be a compromise between optimal cell expansion and acceptable running cost. This compromise will normally translate into an increase of passage length further away from the optimal value dictated by the growth kinetic of the cells. Finally, the importance of incorporating functional assays to validate the phenotypical and functional characteristics of the expanded cells has been highlighted. The optimization approach presented will contribute to the development of feasible large scale expansion of cells required by the tissue engineering industry.
Tuesday, 22 May 2018
Biodegradable Metals:
After decades of developing strategies to minimize the corrosion of metallic biomaterials, there is now an increasing interest to use corrodible metals in a number of medical device applications. The term “biodegradable metal” (BM) has been used worldwide to describe these new kinds of degradable metallic biomaterials for medical applications and there were many new findings reported over the last decade. The recently-developed representative Mg-based BMs (pure Mg, Mg–Ca alloy, Mg–Zn alloy, etc.), Fe-based BMs (pure Fe, Fe–Mn-based alloys, etc.) and other BMs (pure W, pure Zn and its alloys, Ca-based and Sr-based bulk metallic glasses, etc.) were comprehensively reviewed with emphases on their microstructures, mechanical properties and degradation behaviors, in vitro and in vivo performances, pre-clinical and clinical trials. Moreover, current approaches to control their biodegradation rates to match the healing rates of the host tissues with various surface modification techniques and novel structural designs. BM belongs to “bioactive” biomaterials and its future research and development direction should lean towards “third-generation biomedical materials” with “multifunctional capabilities” in a controllable manner to benefit the local tissue reconstruction.
Monday, 21 May 2018
Hydrogel Biomaterials:
Hydrogels
are water-swollen polymeric materials that maintain a distinct
three-dimensional structure. They were the first biomaterials designed for use
in the human body . Traditional methods of biomaterials synthesis include
crosslinking copolymerization, crosslinking of reactive polymer precursors, and
crosslinking via polymer-polymer reaction. These methods of hydrogel synthesis
were limited in the control of their detailed structure. Due to side reactions
the networks contain cycles, unreacted pendant groups, and entanglements. Other
inadequacies of traditional hydrogels have been poor mechanical properties and
slow or delayed response times to external stimuli . Novel
approaches in hydrogel design have revitalized this field of biomaterials
research. New ideas on the design of hydrogels with substantially enhanced
mechanical properties, superporous and
comb-type grafted hydrogels with fast
response times, self-assembling hydrogels from hybrid graft copolymers with
property-controlling protein domains, and from genetically engineered triblock
copolymers are just a few examples of hydrogel biomaterials with a smart
future.
Friday, 18 May 2018
Biodegradable polymers as Biomaterials
Biomaterials are used in
prostheses and medical devices for different purposes. Polymers are the most
diverse class of biomaterials. All biomaterials must meet certain criteria and
regulatory requirements before they can be qualified for use in medical
applications. Biocompatibility is one of the most important requirements. Both
nondegradable polymers are designed to degrade in vivo in a controlled manner
over a predetermined time. The main mechanism of in vivo degradation of
polymers is ‘hydrolytic degradation’, in which enzymes may also play a role
(i.e. ‘enzymatic degradation’). Both natural e.g., collagen, and synthetic
e.g., poly(alpha-hydroxy) acids, biodegradable polymers are used in biomedical
applications. Many of the current polymers and processing techniques need to be
improved in order to produce polymers with better performance in biological
media. An important trend in related research and development is the synthesis
of novel polymers, which would exhibit improved biocompatibility, and be
bioresponsive.
Thursday, 17 May 2018
The design of
biomimetic materials for biomaterials and tissue engineering applications that are capable of eliciting specific cellular responses
and directing new tissue formation mediated by biomolecular recognition, which
can be manipulated by altering design parameters of the material. Biomolecular
recognition of materials by cells has been achieved by surface and bulk
modification of biomaterials via chemical or physical methods with bioactive
molecules such as a native long chain of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins as
well as short peptide sequences derived from intact ECM proteins that can incur
specific interactions with cell receptors. The biomimetic materials potentially
mimic many roles of ECM in tissues. For example, biomimetic scaffolds can
provide biological cues for cell–matrix interactions to promote tissue growth,
and the incorporation of peptide sequences into materials can also make the
material degradable by specific protease enzymes. This discusses the surface
and bulk modification of biomaterials with cell recognition molecules to design
biomimetic materials for tissue engineering. The criteria to design biomimetic
materials such as the concentration and spatial distribution of modified
bioactive molecules are addressed. Recent advances for the development of
biomimetic materials in bone, nerve, and cardiovascular tissue engineering are
also summarized.
Wednesday, 16 May 2018
Gene Therapy :
Gene
therapy is an experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent
disease. In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by
inserting a gene into a patient’s cells instead of using drugs or surgery.
Researchers are testing several approaches to gene therapy, including:
- · Replacing a mutated gene that causes disease with a healthy copy of the gene.
- · Inactivating, or “knocking out,” a mutated gene that is functioning improperly.
- · Introducing a new gene into the body to help fight a disease.
Although
gene therapy is a promising treatment option for a number of diseases
(including inherited disorders, some types of cancer, and certain viral
infections), the technique remains risky and is still under study to make sure
that it will be safe and effective. Gene therapy is currently being tested only
for diseases that have no other cures.
Tuesday, 15 May 2018
Biomaterials play an important
role in Therapeutic Delivery like Biocompatible polymeric gene carriers which
have been introduced for treating diverse genetic and acquired diseases. The
researchers are working on the biomaterial approaches to significantly improve
outcomes of gene #therapies for neurodegenerative disorders. The
Nanobiomaterial architecture is the basis for fabrication of novel integrated
systems involving cells, growth factors, proteins, cytokines, drug molecules,
and other biomolecules with the rationale of creating a universal, all-purpose
Nano-biomedical device for personalized therapies.
Sunday, 13 May 2018
Biophotonics:
Biophotonics is an emerging multidisciplinary research area,
embracing all light-based technologies applied to the life sciences and
medicine. Biophotonics is a scientific discipline of remarkable societal
importance. For hundreds of years, researchers have utilized light-based
systems to explore the biological basics of life.
Diagnostic Biophotonics:
Diagnostic biophotonics is used to detect diseases in their
initial stages before actual medical symptoms occur in patients. By using
optics, diagnostic biophotonics provides several advantages of sensing and
imaging at the molecular level and also collects multidimensional data for
evaluation. Technologies based on light are generally contact-free with less
effect on integrity of living subjects and, consequently, can easily be applied
in situ.
Therapeutic Biophotonics:
Applications of light include treatment of diseases by
altering biological processes. Light is used for modifying the cellular
functions photochemically and to remove tissues by photomechanical or
photothermal process.
Friday, 11 May 2018
Advanced Materials :
Advanced Materials has been
bringing you the latest progress in materials science every week for over 25
years. Advanced Materials are at the heart of many technological developments
that touch our lives. Electronic materials for communication and information
technology, biomaterials for better health care, sensors for intelligent
environment, energy materials for renewable energy and environment, light
alloys for better transportation.
Thursday, 10 May 2018
Bone Plates :
Biomaterials used in manufacturing bone plates, currently
titanium and stainless steel alloys are the most common in production of bone
plates. Other biomaterials such as Mg alloys, Ta alloys, SMAs, carbon fiber
composites and bioceramics are potentially suitable for bone plates because of
their advantages in biocompatibility, bioactivity and biodegradability.
However, today either they are not used in bone plates or have limited
applications in only some flexible small-size implants. This problem is mainly
related to their poor mechanical properties. Additionally, production processes
play an effective role.
Wednesday, 9 May 2018
Heart Valve :
Cardiovascular
disease physically damages the heart, resulting in loss of cardiac function.
Medications can help alleviate symptoms, but it is more beneficial to treat the
root cause by repairing injured tissues, which gives patients better outcomes.
Besides heart transplants, cardiac surgeons use a variety of methods for
repairing different areas of the heart such as the ventricular septal wall and
valves. A multitude of Biomaterials are used in the repair and replacement of
impaired heart tissues. These Biomaterials fall into two main categories:
synthetic and natural. Synthetic materials used in cardiovascular applications
include polymers and metals. Natural materials are derived from biological
sources such as human donor or harvested animal tissues. A new class of
composite materials has emerged to take advantage of the benefits of the strengths
and minimize the weaknesses of both synthetic and natural materials.
Tuesday, 8 May 2018
Contact Lenses:
Contact
lenses can also be used medically for the treatment of certain diseases. In
such cases they are called therapeutic or bandage lenses . Contact lenses range
from hard to soft. Hard lenses contain mainly poly(methy1 methacrylate) (PMMA)
and are impermeable to oxygen. Hard and semirigid lenses permeable to oxygen
are made from copolymers of siloxanes and methacrylates. Flexible, oxygen
permeable lenses are made of silicones. Soft contact lenses are prepared from
polymers that absorb large quantities of water to become hydrogels. The aqueous
phase of the hydrogel is oxygen permeable. Hard and soft hydrophobic lenses
require a relatively thick tear film between their posterior surface and the
cornea of the eye.
Monday, 7 May 2018
Stem cells are the foundation for every
organ and tissue in your body. There are many different types of stem cells
that come from different places in the body or are formed at different times in
our lives. These include embryonic stem cells that exist only at the earliest
stages of development and various types of tissue-specific (or adult) stem
cells that appear during fetal development and remain in our bodies throughout
life.
All stem cells can self-renew (make copies
of themselves) and differentiate (develop into more specialized cells). Beyond
these two critical abilities, though, stem cells vary widely in what they can
and cannot do and in the circumstances under which they can and cannot do
certain things.
Doctors and scientists are excited about
stem cells because they could help in many different areas of health and medical
research. Studying stem cells may help explain how serious conditions such as
birth defects and cancer come about. Stem cells may one day be used to make
cells and tissues for therapy of many diseases. Examples include Parkinson’s
disease, Alzheimer’s disease, spinal cord injury, heart disease, diabetes, and
arthritis.
Friday, 4 May 2018
Biomaterials & its Applications:
Biomaterials
is the discipline dealing with natural and synthetic materials as well as the
interactions between materials and biological tissues. It covers a wide range
of research areas including basic materials science, biocompatibility, implant
device development, surgical applications, and failure analysis and has
application throughout most physiologic systems (hip and knee implants, contact
lenses, coronary artery stents, catheters, etc.)
But
the characteristics of biomaterials have evolved over the field’s 50-plus years
of existence. In the early days, biomaterials were expected to be inert, or at
least biocompatible, to disturb the body as little as possible. The field has
since shifted toward developing materials that interact with biological systems
in a purposeful way.
Thursday, 3 May 2018
Inflammation in Bone Tissue Regeneration:
Delayed healing or nonhealing of bone is an important
clinical concern. Although bone, one of the two tissues with scar-free healing
capacity, heals in most cases, healing is delayed in more than 10% of clinical
cases. Treatment of such delayed healing condition is often painful, risky,
time consuming, and expensive. Tissue healing is a multistage regenerative
process involving complex and well-orchestrated steps, which are initiated in
response to injury. At best, these steps lead to scar-free tissue formation. At
the onset of healing, during the inflammatory phase, stationary and attracted
macrophages and other immune cells at the fracture site release cytokines in
response to injury. This initial reaction to injury is followed by the
recruitment, proliferation, and differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells,
synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins, angiogenesis, and finally tissue
remodeling. Failure to heal is often associated with poor revascularization.
Since blood vessels mediate the transport of circulating cells, oxygen,
nutrients, and waste products, they appear essential for successful healing.
The strategy of endogenous regeneration in a tissue such as bone is interesting
to analyze since it may represent a successful tissue formation.
Wednesday, 2 May 2018
BIO IMAGING :
Bioimaging (biological imaging) refers to any imaging technique used in life sciences and spans the full spectrum from molecule to man. An important sub-field is medical imaging, which refers to techniques and methods needed to create images of the human body (or parts and function thereof) for clinical purposes or medical science. Another field closely related to bioimaging is structural biology, a branch of molecular biology, biochemistry, and biophysics concerned with the spatial and temporal arrangement of biological macromolecules, (proteins and nucleic acids) and sub-cellular compartments.
Bioimaging (biological imaging) refers to any imaging technique used in life sciences and spans the full spectrum from molecule to man. An important sub-field is medical imaging, which refers to techniques and methods needed to create images of the human body (or parts and function thereof) for clinical purposes or medical science. Another field closely related to bioimaging is structural biology, a branch of molecular biology, biochemistry, and biophysics concerned with the spatial and temporal arrangement of biological macromolecules, (proteins and nucleic acids) and sub-cellular compartments.
Tuesday, 1 May 2018
Current
advancements in science and technology has opened up a new era for tissue
engineering which uses body’s own potential for regeneration of missing body
parts. In dentistry it has led to the regeneration of missing teeth and
supporting structures. Tissue engineering is a new frontier in treatment of
various oral diseases proving it’s worth with each passing day.
TE uses nature as
an inspiration source for the generation of extracellular matrix analogues
(scaffolds), either from natural or synthetic origin as well as bioreactors and
bio-devices to mimic natural physiological conditions of particular tissues.
These scaffolds embed cells in a three dimensional milieu that display signals
critical for the determination of cellular fate, in terms of proliferation,
differentiation and migration, among others. The aim of this review is to
analyze the state of the art of TE and some of its application fields.
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